Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway and Propagation in Series-connected Battery Packs under Different States of Charge

XU Rui; LIU Leibang; CHEN Baixu; DONG Xiaoyang; LUO Li; WANG Yajun

doi:10.14044/j.1674-1757.pcrpc.2026.03.011

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Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway and Propagation in Series-connected Battery Packs under Different States of Charge

POWER CAPACITOR & REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway and Propagation in Series-connected Battery Packs under Different States of Charge
不同荷电状态下串联电池组热失控蔓延实验研究
Lanzhou Longneng Power Technology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730070, China
Vol. 47, Issue 3, Pages: 106-114(2026)
DOI：10.14044/j.1674-1757.pcrpc.2026.03.011
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XU Rui, LIU Leibang, CHEN Baixu, et al. Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway and Propagation in Series-connected Battery Packs under Different States of Charge[J]. Power Capacitor & Reactive Power Compensation, 2026, 47(3): 106-114.
DOI：

XU Rui, LIU Leibang, CHEN Baixu, et al. Experimental Study on Thermal Runaway and Propagation in Series-connected Battery Packs under Different States of Charge[J]. Power Capacitor & Reactive Power Compensation, 2026, 47(3): 106-114. DOI： 10.14044/j.1674-1757.pcrpc.2026.03.011.

摘要

锂离子电池热失控与蔓延一直是电池安全领域的重要问题，在高能量密度串联模组中更为突出。在串联18650-NCM三元锂离子电池模组的基础上，外部施加热源驱动电池模组内发生单体热失控，研究了串联电池模组在不同荷电状态（state of charge，SOC）下的热失控蔓延行为。研究表明，串联电池模组的热失控蔓延行为存在明显的SOC阈值，SOC≤50%时热失控无法蔓延至相邻电池，SOC≥75%时热失控会产生瞬时蔓延，相邻电池几乎同时出现热失控的峰值温度。通过更进一步的能量平衡分析可知，在高SOC下热失控的蔓延是因为热失控电池喷发出高温产物冲击到相邻电池，从而引发瞬时热失控，为串联电池模组的安全设计提供了实验依据和理论基础，同时表明采用物理隔断、合理设置防爆阀位置、局部防护等方法可抑制热失控的蔓延。

Abstract

Thermal runaway and its propogation in Lithium-ion batteries have always been a significant concern in the field of battery safety，and this issue becomes even more pronounced in series-connected modules with high energy density. Based on a series-connected 18650 NCM lithium-ion battery module，the thermal runaway of a cell within the battery module is triggered by an externally applied heat source and the propagation behavior of the series-connected battery module under different states of charge（SOC）is studied. The study shows that there is a clear SOC threshold for the thermal runaway behavior in series-connected battery modules. In case of SOC≤50%，the thermal runaway cannot propagate to adjacent cells. In case of SOC≥75%，the thermal runaway can generate instantaneous propogation，with neighboring cells exhibiting almost simultaneously peak temperatures of thermal runaway. It is known from further energy-balance analysis that propagation of thermal runaway at high SOC is that since the high-temperature product injected from the runaway impact adjacent battery，thereby inducing instantaneous thermal runaway. These findings provide experimental evidence and a theoretical basis for the safety design of series-connected modules and，at the same time，suggest that such measures as physical barriers，judicious placement of safety vents/rupture valves，and localized protection can suppress the propagation of thermal runaway.

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